Hipaa Privacy Rule :: Healthcare Medical Information Privacy

1. Presentation Today, you have more explanation than any time in recent memory to think about the protection of your clinical data. This data was once put away in bolted file organizers and on dusty retires in the clinical records office. Your doctor(s) used to be the sole guardian of your physical and psychological well-being data. With the present use of electronic clinical records programming, data talked about in certainty with your doctor(s) will be recorded into electronic information documents. The undeniable concern - the potential for your records to be seen by several outsiders who work in medicinal services, the protection business, and a large group of organizations related with clinical associations. Luckily, this catastrohic situation will probably be maintained a strategic distance from. Congress tended to developing open worry about protection and security of individual wellbeing information, and in 1996 passed â€Å"The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act† (HIPAA). HIPAA sets the national standard for electronic exchanges of wellbeing information. Before HIPAA, each state set their own gauges. Presently states must keep the base principles set by HIPAA. States can establish laws to consolidate or potentially reinforce the fundamental rights given by HIPAA. How HIPAA's Privacy Rule Protects YOU; The Patient Access to your own clinical records Preceding HIPAA, access to YOUR clinical records were not ensured by government law. Just about a large portion of the states had laws giving patients the option to see and duplicate their own clinical records. You might be charged for duplicates yet HIPAA sets expense limits. You Must Be Given Notice Of Privacy Practices How your clinical data is utilized and uncovered should now be given to you. The notification should likewise reveal to you how to practice your privileges and how to record a grievance with your medicinal services supplier and with the DHHS Office of Civil Rights. HIPAA Requires Accounting of Disclosure Details You reserve the privilege to realize who has gotten to your wellbeing records for the earlier six years, However there are a few special cases to the bookkeeping prerequisite. Bookkeeping isn't required when records are uncovered to people who see your records for treatment, installment, and human services tasks. These people don't should be recorded in the exposure log. Documenting A Complaint In the event that you accept a human services supplier or wellbeing plan has disregarded your protection you reserve the privilege to record an objection with your social insurance supplier and with DHHS. Exceptional Requests For Confidential Communications. You can make uncommon solicitations determining how you might want your primary care physician's office handle private correspondence.

Overview of the New Colonies essays

Outline of the New Colonies papers Life in sprouting America was continually changing in the 1600's. For the settlements, hardships appeared inside pretty much every circle of life, including legislative issues, religion and financial aspects. For those living in New England, Chesapeake, the Middle Colonies and the Caribbean, numerous elements came into place now that would significantly affect their future turn of events. A portion of the first to prevail in North America were the provinces on the Chesapeake Bay, in spite of it's numerous troubles. Tobacco was a significant perspective to Chesapeake society and along these lines (and the way that men were ordinarily esteemed as field hands rather than ladies) there was an extremely lopsided parity of men to ladies. Alongside this, there was a high passing rate in the early Chesapeake zone . Typhoid fever and inevitably intestinal sickness, were the primary driver of this. Fortunately, numerous individuals got safe to these ailments and wound up having longer futures than previously. Another progressively close to home part of Chesapeake society was religion. In contrast to Virginia, where the Church of England was the set up chapel, Maryland was planned to be a shelter for English Catholics. Significantly after the Act for Religious Toleration was drafted and gone in 1649, strict strain stayed among Catholics and Protestants. It must be noted be that as it may, that in spite of the fact that the draft was one of resistance, it did exclude security of the individuals who were not strict. At long last, one of the most significant viewpoints to the Chesapeake district (and eventually it's prosperity) was that of populace. There was an adjustment in the white populace and more individuals lived longer, began families and the men to ladies proportion developed nearer, nearly arriving at equity in 1690. By 1700 the Chesapeake was a totally better place than how it started. New England was the following settlement to thrive after the Chesapeake. New England comprised of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven and Rhode Island. There was a &q... <!

Flu-Like Symptoms When You Discontinue Antidepressants

Flu-Like Symptoms When You Discontinue Antidepressants Depression Treatment Print Flu-Like Symptoms When You Discontinue Antidepressants It May Not Be the Flu By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 12, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Tom Merton / Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes of Flu-Like Symptoms Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome Symptoms Most Common Culprits Tapering View All Back To Top Feeling like youre coming down with the flu lately? If youve recently discontinued an antidepressant you might actually be going through withdrawal, or what is more properly called antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS).?? Symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, chills, and muscle aches can mirror the flu. You may even have symptoms after missing only a single dose or taking it late. Plus, the symptoms may come on several days after you stopped your medication, making it harder to link them to discontinuation as the cause. Causes of Flu-Like Symptoms If it is flu season (October through March) you may indeed have influenza. However, flu-like symptoms occur with many infections. In fact, the majority of people tested for influenza dont have it. You can have similar symptoms due to colds (rhinoviruses), coronaviruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, human parainfluenza virus, viral and bacterial pneumonia, Legionella, measles, acute HIV infection, herpes, hepatitis C, Lyme disease, and many others. Withdrawal symptoms from opioids or antidepressants can also mirror some of the symptoms of influenza.?? What Is Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome? If you stop taking your antidepressant abruptly, without tapering your dosage as directed by your doctor, you can experience symptoms that range from mild to severe. Discontinuation can happen for many reasons. Because any single antidepressant may be only 50 percent effective,?? you might think it isnt working and that stopping it wont have any effects. Or, you may not have refilled a prescription. You may simply have forgotten to take it. However, even if you arent getting the desired effects, antidepressants are changing your body chemistry. Suddenly removing these drugs will result in a flip-flop of the chemical reactions. Symptoms You can experience the symptoms of discontinuation syndrome a few days after you stopped taking your medication, or even when tapering your doses, missing a dose, or taking a dose late. The symptoms may also come on even later, making it harder to associate them with your medication.?? You might experience these symptoms for a few weeks. Many people who discontinue their antidepressant abruptly may experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, myalgia (muscle aches), insomnia, anxiety, agitation, dizziness, hallucinations, blurred vision, irritability, tingling sensations, vivid dreams, sweating, or electric shock sensations.?? Some will experience only minor symptoms and miss the connection with their antidepressant thinking that perhaps they have the flu. For others, the symptoms are so debilitating that they feel they cannot stop their antidepressant for fear of how it will interfere with their lives. The Most Common Culprits Discontinuation syndrome is most common with those drugs that have a short half-life,?? which is how long it takes for half the drug to clear from your body. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as Effexor (venlafaxine), tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), and most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) can cause symptoms.?? For the SSRIs, these have a short half-life and you can have withdrawal symptoms when stopping abruptly:?? Zoloft (sertraline)Paxil (paroxetine)Celexa (citalopram)Lexapro (escitalopram) Prozac (fluoxetine) is the one SSRI which generally does not cause problems because it has a half-life of two to four days and its primary metabolite (breakdown product) has a half-life of four to 16 days.?? This long half-life gives it a built-in tapering off. Tapering Slowly Is Best The best advice if you are planning to discontinue your antidepressant is to seek your doctors approval and advice. When you stop your antidepressant you not only run the risk of withdrawal but also a possible return of your symptoms. If your doctor has given you the green light to stop, discuss how you should proceed in gradually decreasing your dosage. Although this can be quite variable, a typical schedule for tapering my be if your treatment has lasted less than six weeks, tapering is often done over one to two weeks. If youve been treated for six to eight months, tapering is done over six to eight weeks. A Word From Verywell By gradually decreasing your dose over time, as directed by your doctor, you will allow your body time to slowly adjust as the medication leaves your body. But you also should take normal precautions for preventing the flu and other infectious diseases, because it really could be the flu. Get the annual seasonal flu vaccine to reduce your risk. Practice good handwashing habits throughout the day, and encourage everyone to cover their coughs and sneezes.

Advantages of a Culturally Diverse Workplace in a Global Business world Free Essay Example, 2000 words

According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the concept of diversity has been broadened to include all individuals who bring unique perspectives or outlooks to the organization . That means, it not only includes the traditional categories of race and gender, but also people with disabilities, gays, and lesbians, and other non-traditional categories considered having diversity of thought or those from different disciplines, college degrees, socio-economic backgrounds, etc. It was Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. who inspired the concept of diversity when he advocated that people should be judged by their character, not by the color of their skin. This propelled lawmakers to come up with laws that provide equal opportunity to all. These laws have been designed protect anyone from being discriminated against by reason of sex, marital status, ethnic or national origin, color, race, nationality, age, disability, religion, and different terms of employment, including pay for jobs of equal value. Equal opportunity is a means by which a person receives equal access in society. Equal opportunities approach is premised on the principle that all people can avail of certain rights or privileges such as education, employment, healthcare or other welfare services without any discrimination or any preference whatsoever. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages of a Culturally Diverse Workplace in a Global Business world or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Different organizations now apply various equal opportunity practices, which consist of a number of means used to provide fair conditions for all their members in the process of employment and work. Top management is the most influential factor for such diverse workforce employees. It enacts policies which may make the task easier, as far as the employees are concerned. The hiring, recruiting and firing policies are devised in such a manner that there are absolutely no issues of ill-will or nepotism for the culturally diverse workforce.

Universal Accounting Standards - 954 Words

Universal Accounting Standards Issue The internationalization of business activities has increased exponentially over the past 3 decades. Because the accounting standards and practices of different countries have developed in response to diverse environments, accounting has developed with strong national accents . As a result, multinationals with branches and investments in a wide array of countries find it difficult to achieve a consolidated financial report. Further, investors in these multinationals have trouble evaluating financial statements formed from a multitude of unusual (to the investor) accounting standards, forcing them to make less informed decisions. The benefits of a set of uniform accounting standards include†¦show more content†¦Other countries even report that international standard setters appear to have little or no sympathy for the fact that some countries need to incorporate their adopted international standards in national law or regulation. Lastly, with styles of communication diff erent all across the globe, other countries contest that they would have difficulties understanding the ordering of text in the laws of uniform accounting standards since logic and structures are not the same everywhere. 3. Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley legislation came into force in 2002 and introduced major changes to the regulation of financial practice and corporate governance . The act created a new regulator for the accounting industry: the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board . The regulations put forth are stringent were in response to situations such as Enron. Under current conditions, few, if any, countries accounting standards would pass through all of the regulations of Sarbanes-Oxley. This makes it more difficult to bring the U.S. into the harmonization process. Although steps are being made to harmonize with U.S. standards, there will not be a complete harmonization in the near future for reasons such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Outlook With many major countries and economic blocs accepting IFRS or harmonizing their form of GAAP with IFRS, we are on the right track to creating uniform accounting standards worldwide. 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Economical Analysis of Caterpillar Inc Free Essays

This report will look into the use of micro and macro-economic by business management to determine business performance, future forecasts and investment decisions. Section 1 will consider management of a UK-manufacturing business, determining that the use of microeconomics will lead to the consideration and macro fundamentals. To provide relevant examples, section 23 will consider management of Caterpillar Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Economical Analysis of Caterpillar Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now , a global manufacturer of construction and mining machinery. Section 1 – Micro/Macro Economics This question will look into the factors under consideration by management in the UK, taking both a micro and macro-economic view. From a micro-perspective, management may look into the buying behavior of the biggest customers for their goods, (Boyes, 2012). Microeconomics considers the behaviour of individual consumers and businesses to understand the decision-making process; given this, management can use microeconomics to determine the buying behavior of their major customers. This may help management identify determinants that affect their customers buying behaviour such as economic fundamentals, which could then be used to build forecasts (Kreps, 2004). To support analyses, management could also consider macroeconomics and the wider economic outlook, given that the outlook and confidence in the economy will impact on individual business confidence. To provide an example, the study of micro-economics may then lead into a more macro view; if management determines that buying from local customers is depressed they may then consider the performance of the UK economy to determine why customers buying are lower than expected. Looking into macroeconomics, a business may look into variables such as GDP growth, inflation, employment and purchasing managers index (PMI) to gauge a view on the performance of the economy, (Arnold, 2010). For example, if the economy was performing better than expected, the business may be willing to increase production and build up stockpiles in anticipation of increased buying in the future. On the other hand, if the business considers economic fundamentals to be weak, they may decide to cut production early to reduce stockpiles (Singh, 2013) [Online]. If the company sells products internationally, then management should also consider international economic performance and exchange rates in order to gauge both international demand and prices received in the home currency. International performance may also help determine decisions in terms of future investment, if the company is developed in its home market. For example, a manufacturer of car-parts may consider forecasted exchange movements and economic conditions (e.g. future demand for cars) to determine future direction of investment (Miller, 2013). Section 2 – Economic Theory Focusing on a microeconomic perspective, management may consider sediment from customers to determine future forecasts for the market. For example this question will consider the role of management will in a real-world company. Take mining-services companies such as Caterpillar Inc., and Joy Global Inc. To gauge demand these companies may look into forecasts from major miners and so major customers such as Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton and Glencore-Xstrata (PWC, 2013). If these miners are bearish on market performance and demand for their commodities, then services companies such as Joy may take a bearish stance in anticipation of weaker demand in the future, (McDonald, 2013) [Online]. For example, over the economic downturn, sales to mining companies fell drastically as low commodity prices forced major miners to cut costs to remain profitable. This is important as the business demand from a certain area may be dominated by a few; for example take Caterpillar. If the business has an opera tion in Perth, Australia, it is more than likely that demand would be subject to iron ore production, which is dominated by majors such as BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. With this, Caterpillar would play close attention to these companies; there competitiveness, demand for their products, future capital expenditure plans etc. Management of Joy and Caterpillar both reacted by cutting capacity as sediment from miners continually weakened over the years; yet company presentations and reports from both companies contained quotes and reference to major miners, underscoring the importance of sediment (forecast and opinions) from customers. Using these variables would help management forecast future demand, which could then be used to build forecasts for the future performance of the company. Taking macroeconomic factors, companies such as Caterpillar Inc., would focus on economic variables in a bid to forecast future economic conditions. For example, Caterpillar’s two major markets are mining and construction machinery/ services. Given this, the business may focus attention onto Chinese macro-variables such as GDP Growth, Investment Growth and PMI to determine future production growth, which would then impact on construction and heavy-industry demand. This would then support demand for commodities and thus demand from Caterpillar’s mining customers. Given the scale and time-frame of some investments, businesses will need to construct long-term forecast models to calculate return on investment and the underlying demand in a market. By focusing on these variables, the company should be better equipped to forecast demand for their products and so tailor their production to meet market conditions. Section 3 – International Expansion To answer this question, the management at Caterpillar will be considered investing in a non-EU market, taking Peru as the example. Peru has been chosen because of its buoyant economic conditions and booming mining industry, supported by the country’s wealth of minerals, most notably copper (KPMG, 2014). Furthermore, the booming mining industry has supported economic development, thus supporting the construction industry and need for infrastructure development. Given this, demand for Caterpillar’s goods should remain resilient, which could support a greater investment into the country. Additionally, surrounding Latin American economies such as Argentina, Chile and Brazil remain strong, which could create further demand for production from the Peruvian operations. In terms of Caterpillar, one area of interest will be the mining industry. Currently, Peru is the second largest producer of copper, behind neighbour Chile, as well as the second largest producer of silver and sixth largest producer of gold. Over the past few years, investment has poured into the sector, as a number of major copper projects were announced to feed growing demand from China. According to the Peruvian Mines and Energy Ministry, copper production in 2013 is forecast at 1.57mt, representing an 18% increase over 2012, which stemmed from a 7.8% increase in 2011 (Huamani, 2014), while the current value of mining investments in the country tops $10Billion, led by major miners BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. Since investment activity in Peru has been the major driving force behind the private sector development, the Peruvian government has become more welcoming of business, which should benefit expansion plans by Caterpillar (Ernst Young, 2014). Table 1 below displays a number of key economic indicators for Peru (IMF, 2013) Table 1 – Key Economic Indicators – Obtained from IMF (2013) Caterpillar should also consider the stability and availability of the local currency. The national currency is the Peruvian Sol, which has remained relatively stable versus the U.S Dollar over the years (Bloomberg, 2014) [Online]. Caterpillar could also complete a SWOT analysis to determine the potential benefits/ risks behind an investment. Strengths Strong real GDP growth and the introduction of tax reforms have strengthened the public accounts, with the country’s relatively strong fiscal position expected to provide support for the economy in the long term. Peru’s investment grade status should keep foreign investment flows anchored over the long term. Weaknesses Peru’s heavy reliance on commodity exports will weigh on the country’s trade dynamics in the next few years, as a hard landing for China’s economy has the potential to dampen both demand and prices for key commodities such as copper. Underdeveloped infrastructure, capacity constraints, declines in major mining firms’ capital expenditure programmes, and continued social unrest could weigh on output levels over the medium term. This would then impact on demand for mining equipment from the likes of Caterpillar. Opportunities Another wave of privatisation schemes for several state-run companies across various sectors could help to deepen financial markets and ease the mining bias of the country’s equity market, (OECD, 2013) A growing middle class will make consumer-related sectors such as retail food and drink increasingly attractive for investors over the medium-to-long term. This should then support urbanisation in the country, which in turn will support construction projects and demand for machinery, (BBVA, 2014) Threats Social divisions within Peru threaten the economy in a variety of ways. A continued intensification of strike action could impact growth and mining output, while heightened unrest and an opposition-dominated congress could pressure the administration into substantial spending increases, weighing on the country’s fiscal position, (OECD, 2013) The end of Peru’s export boom in light of a weakened global demand has the potential to expose the country’s structural imbalances and dampen investment into vital infrastructure. Caterpillar would also consider government policy and attitudes towards spending and regulation. In terms of regulation, Peru has continued to simply legislation to attract more investment, with KPMG (2013: 21) saying â€Å"Foreign investors may set up any business enterprise in Peru without limitation and engage in any kind of business†. Furthermore the business would consider the corporate tax rate, which currently stands at 30% (KPMG, 2013). Additionally, in terms of government revenue, Table 1 shows that as government expenditure as a proportion of GDP continues to rise over the forecasted period, government net debt falls, suggesting increasing government revenues and a more stable fiscal outlook. The outlook for monetary policy may also be considered, with current sediment suggesting that Peru’s central bank will hold its benchmark policy rate at 4%, as the country looks to push down its inflation rate. Given this, it is expected that policymakers will continue to stimulate growth in the economy through government spending and also further reductions in reserve requirements for commercial banks, which should stimulate growth and support demand for Caterpillar’s construction machinery. Caterpillar may also consider demand in neighboring countries such as Brazil and Chile, which like Peru are seeing mining investment to drive production, (Scotiabank, 2014). This provides the opportunity for the investment in Peruvian operations to be seen by the company as a Latin American investment, supplying goods for export to nearby demand centres. This could be supported in Peru given the country has a number of free-trade agreements in place with Brazil, Chile, USA, China, South Korea. To conclude, Caterpillar will take into account a wide-breath of economic indicators to determine confidence in future forecasts. While the outlook does look positive, headwinds will remain, with growth in Peru determined greatly by demand for its commodities, and thus focused primarily on China. However, a strong pipeline of mining projects and also buoyant infrastructure spending should support an underlying demand for Caterpillar’s equipment which should warrant investment in the country. References Arnold, R (2010): Macroeconomics, USA, South Western. BBVA (2014): Peru Economic Outlook: First Quarter 2014, UK, BBVA Research. Bloomberg (2014) [Online]: USD-PEN Exchange Rate, Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/USDPEN:CUR, Accessed 01/04/2014. Boyes, W and Melvin, M (2012): Microeconomics, USA, South Western. Ernst Young (2014): Peru’s mining metals investment guide, London, Ernst Young. Huamani, G (2014): Mining in Peru; March 2014, Peru, Ministry on Energy and Mining. IMF (2013): Data and Statistics Workbook; October 2013, USA, IMF. KPMG (2013): Investment in Peru, UK, KPMG. KPMG (2014): Country Mining Guide; Peru, UK, KPMG. Kreps, D (2004): Microeconomics for Managers, New York, WW Norton Company. McDonald, M (2013) [Online]: Weak Mining sector makes Caterpillar cut forecast, Available at http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/news/weak-mining-sector-makes-caterpillar-cut-2013-prof, Accessed 03/04/2014. Miller, K (2013): A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business, Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (2), pg311-332. OECD (2013): Latin America Economic Outlook 2014, USA, OECD Research. PWC (2013): Mine 2013; A confidence crisis, London, PWC. Singh, S (2013) [Online]: Caterpillar cuts forecasts on decline in sales to mining, Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-22/caterpillar-profit-misses-analysts-estimates-on-mining-slowdown.html, Accessed 03/04/2014. Scotiabank (2014): Latin America; Regional Outlook, USA, Scotiabank Research. How to cite Economical Analysis of Caterpillar Inc, Essay examples

Marco Polo Essays (746 words) - Marco Polo, Cathay, Kublai Khan

Marco Polo Marco Polo While I lay here, on my death bed, I think how can my friends accuse me of lying! They asked me if I had exaggerated any of my adventures and I didn't understand why they felt I would do this. I told them I haven't even revealed half my stories and adventures! I have traveled and done so much. In my popular book, The Travels of Marco Polo, a detailed version of my journeys is written. The people I thank most for what they have done for me are my father and uncle, who were merchants. They traveled far into Asia when I was young and when they came back, they told me the greatest stories of their adventures. Those stories inspired me to travel with my father to Asia when I was 17. I remember this voyage being one of the hardest of them all. I had to hike across miles and miles of hot deserts and get ships to sail back to Venice. I stayed in Asia for 24 years. Then I traveled back to Venice and told some of my stories and adventures. After that, I started a journey in Venice and sailed t o Damascus. From there, I walked across Asia's deserts and traded with Kublai Khan, who was extremely welcoming to me and my family. I was in awe with Kublai Khan. Khan's summer palace was built like a giant tent of sliced bamboo; it was beautiful! The palace lit up the city of Shang-tu. I then traveled through Cathay. I was astonished by the wonders I saw there. There, I discovered coal fuel which was stones that burned like logs. If you put them on the fire in the evening and see that they are well alight, they will continue to burn all night, that you will find them still glowing in the morning. Another amazing accomplishment I discovered in Cathay was the Imperial Post. There were three classes: second was a foot-runner service, first was delivered faster, on horseback, and top priority which used a despatch rider and a relay of fresh horses could deliver a message 300 miles away within 24 hours! I wrote a lot about the wonders of Cathy in my book and I bet if someone reads about it, they will be motivated to experience what I did! When I was done exploring Cathy, Kublai Kahn sent me, as an emissary, to some kingdoms which allowed me to vis it the major silk areas of the Far East. Then I sailed around the tip of India, past Calicut and through the canal between Arabia and Asia. After that, I walked to Constantinople. At the end of that long journey, I sailed back to Venice with my goods. When I returned, I was wearing tattered rags of traveling clothes but, underneath was a fortune of ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain, silk and other treasures. One of the funniest things I did throughout all my journeys had to be when I tricked the people in Italy by telling them my foreign money was worth the same amount of money used there-it worked! After spending a few years back in Venice, my homeland, I became captain of a ship and fought a naval battle against Genoa for rights to the Mediterranean trade routes. During that battle, I was taken prisoner and, while I was in jail, I wrote The Travels of Marco Polo with the help of a writer who shared the jail cell with me. This book explained in detail, all my adventures and stories. Writing that book pretty much marked the end of my career as being a traveler. Now, it is 25 years later and I am laying in my death bed. I hope that my stories and writings will help future travelers like me. Maybe one day someone will be inspired by my great journeys and discover a continent called America or something. Hmm... maybe I am dreaming but I hope that what I have done comes to some good use in the future. Bibliography 1) Stefoff, Rebecca, Marco Polo and the Medieval Explorers. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1992. 2) Pages Through the Ages, Marco Polo, www.oakview.fcps.edu/, 11/1/98. 3) Research papers, Marco Polo,

Unequal income distribution in USA essays

Unequal income distribution in USA essays Unequal Income Distribution in the U.S.A. In recent years, increasing inequality in the distribution of income has been a subject of considerable public concern, political attention, and academic research. Income inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. The relative income, or gauge, can be defined how well the poor are doing economically compared to the rich. In other words inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. According to Paul Ryscavage in Income Inequality in America, income is influenced by several social, economic, and demographic factors. Occupation, industry of employment and source of income represent the economic factors. The main social factors are household composition, education level, and education quality. Finally, age, sex, and race compose the demographic factors (15). Socio-economic diversity can be a clean representation of how well income is distributed among social groups. In an ideal society the majority of households should have incomes above the cost of basic needs to create a well-balanced economy. Therefore, the foundation of economic success is based largely on this distribution providing a strong middle class that can support the economy and no extreme income gap between rich and poor guarantees economic stability. On the other hand inequitable income distribution may not only lead to economic problems, but also social problems. In Created Unequal, Peter Galbraith believes that income distribution analysis shows that the gap widens more and more between social groups and creates problems (3). These problems can damage the developing process of a society, thus finding solutions to create a well-balanced income distribution is essential for present governments. Through the historical review of the background of the issue of income distribution one can present possible solution...

Imitation - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Imitation s in Rhetoric Definition In rhetoric and composition, imitation is an exercise in which students read, copy, analyze, and paraphrase the text of a major author. Also known (in Latin) as  imitatio. It is a universal rule of life, says Quintilian in the Institutes of Oratory (95), that we should wish to copy what we approve in others. Etymology From the Latin, imitate Examples and Observations Never hesitate to imitate another writer. Imitation is part of the creative process for anyone learning an art or a craft. . . . Find the best writers in the field that interests you and read their work aloud. Get their voice and their taste into your eartheir attitude toward language. Dont worry that by imitating them youll lose your own voice and your own identity. Soon enough you will shed those skins and become who you are supposed to become.(William Zinsser, On Writing Well. Collins, 2006)The writers we absorb when were young bind us to them, sometimes lightly, sometimes with iron. In time, the bonds fall away, but if you look very closely you can sometimes make out the pale white groove of a faded scar, or the telltale chalky red of old rust.(Daniel Mendelsohn, The American Boy. The New Yorker January 7, 2013) Red Smith on Imitation When I was very young as a sportswriter I knowingly and unashamedly imitated others. I had a series of heroes who would delight me for a while . . . Damon Runyon, Westbrook Pegler, Joe Williams . . .. I think you pick up something from this guy and something from that. . . . I deliberately imitated those three guys, one by one, never together. Id read one daily, faithfully, and be delighted by him and imitate him. Then someone else would catch my fancy. Thats a shameful admission. But slowly, by what process I have no idea, your own writing tends to crystallize, to take shape. Yet you have learned some moves from all these guys and they are somehow incorporated into your own style. Pretty soon youre not imitating any longer. (Red Smith, in No Cheering in the Press Box, ed. by Jerome Holtzman, 1974) Imitation in Classical Rhetoric The three processes by which a classical or medieval or Renaissance man acquired his knowledge of rhetoric or anything else were traditionally Art, Imitation, Exercise (Ad Herennium, I.2.3). The art is here represented by the whole system of rhetoric, so carefully memorized; Exercise by such schemes as the theme, the declamation or the progymnasmata. The hinge between the two poles of study and personal creation is the imitation of the best extant models, by means of which the pupil corrects faults and learns to develop his own voice. (Brian Vickers, Classical Rhetoric in English Poetry. Southern Illinois University Press, 1970) The Sequence of Imitation Exercises in Roman Rhetoric The genius of Roman rhetoric resides in the use of imitation throughout the school course to create sensitivity to language and versatility in its use. . . . Imitation, for the Romans, was not copying and not simply using the language structures of others. On the contrary, imitation involved a series of steps . . .. At the outset, a written text was read aloud by a teacher of rhetoric . . .. Next, a phase of analysis was used. The teacher would take the text apart in minute detail. The structure, word choice, grammar, rhetorical strategy, phrasing, elegance, and so forth, would be explained, described, and illustrated for the students. . . . Next, students were required to memorize good models. . . . Students were then expected to paraphrase models. . . . Then students recast the ideas in the text under consideration. . . . This recasting involved both writing as well as speaking . . .. As part of imitation, students would then read aloud a paraphrase or a recasting of ones own text for the teacher and his classmates before moving on to the final phase, which involved correction by the teacher. (Donovan J. Ochs, Imitation. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) Imitation and Originality All of these [ancient rhetorical] exercises required students to copy the work of some admired author or to elaborate on a set theme. Ancient dependence upon material composed by others may seem strange to modern students, who have been taught that their work should be original. But ancient teachers and students would have found the notion of originality quite strange; they assumed that real skill lay in being able to imitate or to improve on something written by others. (Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004) Also See Sentence ImitationMimesisCommonplace BookCopiaDissoi LogoiImitating the Style of the  Spectator, by Benjamin FranklinPasticheProse Sentence-Imitation Exercises Sentence-Imitation Exercise: Complex SentencesSentence-Imitation Exercise: Compound SentencesSentence-Imitation Exercise: Creating Sentences With CommasSentence-Imitation Exercise: Creating Sentences With Semicolons, Colons, and Dashes

Personal Leadership statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership - Personal Statement Example By using these skills, characteristics and techniques, there is the ability to work more effectively with others in a company. There are a variety of benefits by looking at skills and characteristics of a transformational leader. If I focus on these attributes, then the openness, communication and the work as a team will be better to work with. This is combined with the ability for transformation to occur with openness and willingness to work with new ideas. With innovation and experimentation, there will be the ability to change the working environment and the approaches which are taken in the workspace. While this openness is important, I also believe it is important to create a sense of leadership by guiding and sticking with the goals and vision of the company. This is able to work as a guide while monitoring what types of innovation are used as well as what maintenance is required for the company. Mediating between these two aspects is one which not only provides transformation, but also offers guidance through various skills and characters that assists and supports the company. Gong, Y, JC Huang, JL Faith. (2009). â€Å"Employee Learning Orientation, Transformational Leadership, and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Employee Creative Self – Efficacy.† The Academy of Management 31. Pieterse, AN, D Knippenberg. (2010). â€Å"Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment.† Journal of Organizational Management 81

Integrated Marketing Communication To Build Brands Essay

Integrated Marketing Communication To Build Brands - Essay Example To find a relationship between IMC, market orientation (MO), learning orientation (LO), brand orientation (BO) and brand performance 1000 questionnaires were mailed to 1000 organizations in Australia. MO has a direct positive relationship but LO do not have the relationship. Again BO has the relationship Both IMC and BO have a direct positive relationship with brand performance. IMC has a significant role to play in promoting the performance of the brand in the market. Conceptual approach redefining and supporting the empirical relationship could have been done.To find a relationship between IMC, market orientation (MO), learning orientation (LO), brand orientation (BO) and brand performance 1000 questionnaires were mailed to 1000 organizations in Australia. MO has a direct positive relationship but LO do not have the relationship. Again BO has the relationship Both IMC and BO have a direct positive relationship with brand performance. IMC has a significant role to play in promoting the performance of the brand in the market. Conceptual approach redefining and supporting the empirical relationship could have been done.Laric & Lynagh (2010) Role of IMC in sustainability marketing Based on operations of various firms and organizations, the ways as to how they tackle challenges by IMC Conceptual Approach Role of sustainability is very essential in organizations and IMC plays an effective part in enhancing it The key focus of the research was on sustainability and it has been marked as an important concept for organization. Both sustainability and IMC are important for organizations as they are correlated. A more in-depth analysis could have made the findings more viable. To examine the linkage between IMC and revenue generation. Earlier literature about IMC have been analyzed and propositions formulated and model has been developed Conceptual Approach. Internal marketing has an important role to play in organizations for generating revenue. Internal marketing enha nces the relationships among brand orientation, market orientation, and IMC. Both internal marketings, as well as intra-organizational marketing in the form of IMC, are important for organizational performance Propositions once developed are better evaluated by an empirical approach. To examine the effect of customer and competitor orientation and inter-functional coordination on the brand orientation that in turn affect to brand performance in SMEs. The hypothesis was developed and questionnaires were mailed to 4502 SMEs in Finland regarding the topic. Empirical Approach Customer orientation along with inter-functional coordination has an effect on brand orientation but competitor orientation does not have the relationship. The constructs of IMC has a direct impact on the brand performance.   Brand orientation and market orientation are directly related to the positive performance of the brand. More focus on the core concept of IMC should have been made. To focus on the concept o f IMC as a relationship-building strategy Random sample of communicating professionals from 1000 non-profit organizations were selected and the quantitative online survey was conducted.

Drug Induced Schizophrenia: Causation Analysis

Drug Induced Schizophrenia: Causation Analysis Drug Induced Schizophrenia Often, when people associate schizophrenia with individuals most people very seldom understand that this mental illness disorder can be associated with the abuse of illegal drug use. The impact that drug induced schizophrenia has on the user and the repercussions from the extension of the emotional hardships brought upon the user’s family are staggering. This paper will set in place an understanding of the risks associated with illegal, recreational drugs, which can be a caustic combinations of poisonous chemicals introduced into the body causing serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the human brain and psyche. Drugs like cocaine, cannabis, and hallucinogens can cause mental health problems and, when paired with a pre-existing mental illness, can exacerbate the symptoms of such illnesses. Some drugs, when taken frequently for long periods of time, can actually manifest as psychotic symptoms indicative of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, according to the Australian Government’s National Drug Strategy (dualdiagnosis.org/drug-addiction/psychosis). Symptoms of drug-induced psychosis and schizophrenia may occur when a drug user has a mental illness prior to drug use. It may be hard to identify symptoms that are exclusively due to the drug use itself. Most symptoms, if the condition is unrelated to drugs, will continue after abstinence from the drug. The opposite is true for drug-induced psychosis; the schizophrenic-like effects will more or less subside after the drug wears off. However, this is not true for all drug users as frequent and prolonged use can cause side effects that last up to years after use discontinues (dualdiagnosis.org/drug-addiction/psychosis). Because drugs cause interruptions in the absorption and release of brain chemicals like serotonin or dopamine, the internal structure and function of the brain changes as use continues (Rosenthal, 1997). Essentially re-mapping the chemical functions of the brain, much in the same way as a police officer re-routing traffic on a roadway or completely blocking access to t he roadway altogether. With heavy, long-term use, nearly any drug can cause symptoms of psychosis in the user. A few, however, tend to be more closely correlated with drug-induced psychosis than others. Stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines can contribute to psychotic symptoms that can last days, months, and years after the drug use stops. Long-term use is attributed to loss of memory and problems with concentration. In a study noted in the Journal of Psychiatric Practice, about one-half of cocaine users showed psychotic symptoms after use. When freebased or used with a needle (intravenously), the risk for these experiences increase dramatically (dualdiagnosis.org/drug-addiction/psychosis). Delusions attributed to alcohol can cause disorientation, disorganized speech and mental confusion. In most cases, these effects go into remission when sobriety occurs. Alcohol is also one of the most widely abused substances, along with marijuana and cocaine. Psychedelic drugs like phencyclidine (PCP) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) affect the user in a way that mimics actual psychosis, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine. These hallucinogen drugs, however, are not shown to induce psychosis with the first use. The symptoms are more prevalent after repeated use of the drug over a period of time. Schizophrenia is often difficult to identify in most individuals. Addiction and mental illness mimicking schizophrenic episodes can be difficult to diagnose with the incredible diversity and breadth of tolerances individuals have relating to the reaction their bodies and cognitive brain function have to the absorption through tissues, metabolic rates and other physiologica l factors to foreign chemicals when introduces into the body. Those individuals that show symptoms or clear cognitive dysfunction are sometimes referred to by lay people as having a scrambled or short-circuited brain. That description is indicative of schizophrenic behavior. There are also clear signs of recognition to the condition that correlate with drug abuse and schizophrenic behaviors such as problems with law enforcement or legal problems, sporadic homelessness, reoccurring use of the emergency room or a chronic need for hospitalization (Kosten, 1997). Psychotic symptoms present themselves among individuals who are enthralled in heavy illicit drug use. The good news with these psychotic users who reach treatment, over half are consistently documented as positively responding to treatment with the use of ant-psychotic drugs coupled with individual and group counseling within one to six months. The bad news is for success with abstinence to continue with a drug induced schizophrenic patient requires them to conform to counseling and a consistent regiment with no deviation of the prescribed ant-psychotic medications (Rosenthal, 1997). This is the downside of this particular mental decease, when a patient begins something similar to normalcy a great majority of them discontinue all treatment including counseling and prescribed medication believing they no longer need the intervention because of their confidence and belief they are functioning well and do not attribute their continued improvement of their mental health to the medical in tervention (Rosenthal, 1997). Amongst one of the most dangerous and damaging drug to the function of the brain is the abuse of amphetamines. Amphetamines permanently damage neurological routing with no ability to repair brain function loss in the frontal lobe that controls personality and emotional behavior of amphetamine users, the scariest part of this particular drug is the user does not have to have an extended history of illicit use; the neurological damage begins to occur with the first use of amphetamines (Kokkinidis, 1980). Psychosis or schizophrenia can set in with these users almost immediately based on their physiological ability or inability to tolerate hard narcotic use. It is believed that the over activity of dopamine in the brain is a leading cause of schizophrenia and the use of un-prescribed illicit drugs exacerbates psychotic behaviors. While it is true those individuals under the influence of alcohol can exhibit psychotic or schizophrenic behavior it is rarely long lasting and if observed over a long period of time would probably move out of the realm of actually being schizophrenic. Alcohol is a depressant and lowers brain chemical functioning within an individual causing a loss of inhibition, an inability to be rationale, and decreased emotional ability that can appear childlike to the opposite end of the spectrum of violence with their behavior due to alcohol blocking dopamine production. Studies are leaning that the opposite might be true with narcotic use that drive the production of dopamine causing euphoria, anxiousness, and paranoia (Bowers, 1980). An interesting study shows that a large segment of schizophrenic illness lies within the minority community and the illness combined with illegal drug use and illegal activity has certainly blinded law enforcement professionals with the problem of this particular mental illness and the damaging affects it is having on the minority population that in large goes unrecognized do to the disparity of race between law enforcement and the offender (Ruiz, 1982). When users with mental illness and certainly predisposed minorities to drug induced metal illness such as schizophrenia are labeled offenders in the criminal justice system those patients are being mislabeled and find themselves amongst the incarcerated, instead of hospitalization as appropriately needed (Ruiz, 1982). Once these users or patients are incarcerated the chance of receiving services that are needed are almost non-existent within U.S. prisons. Funding is not available for these types of inmates to be properly supervised a nd medically treated. Staff within most prison facilities are not equipped or provided training to address schizophrenia or psychosis on a meaningful basis of supervision other than to supervise the schizophrenic inmates living existence (Ruiz, 1982). On the opposite side of the incarcerated offender is the user on the street that is left to function in a world he/she is not equipped to function in. There is almost no city in the United States equipped with resources to handle the overwhelming influx of uninsured mental health patients. Most people who are inflicted with this disease do not have the ability to maintain employment and have often exhausted or alienated themselves from family members and all other support that is needed (Ruiz, 1982). Contributing to the cycle of drug induced schizophrenia is the lack of stability in individuals from the increase levels of dopamine being produced in their brain. When abnormally high levels of dopamine are present it can contribute to manic episodes, loss of sleep and long periods of duration that an individual is awake without R.E.M. sleep can have immediate negative effects on the psychological well-being of the user. Lack of sleep and over a period of time lack of consistent sleep due to drug use can lead to psychosis amongst drug users who are in a high state of dopamine arousal (Roman, 1972). Also contributing to the sleep loss psychosis is the inability to recognize diminished physical and mental abilities and there affects due to the combined mental illness and drug use. Often these are the circumstances that create the perfect recipe for a drug induced schizophrenic subject to become irritable, confused and then becomes violent because they irrationally believe they are in danger, thus acting out in a manner in which the schizophrenic subject is convinced they are appropriately reacting to an event when in reality the event is not real. Conclusion While researchers agree that drug induced schizophrenia is difficult to understand in the realm of the causation coming from predisposed physiological mental conditions or physical destruction from chemical drug abuse. There is an overwhelming agreement that the subject that is in battled with psychotic or schizophrenic disease coupled with drug addiction is immersed in a very difficult fight for proper diagnosis, access to care and avoiding the labels of being criminally culpable for a condition that is no longer in the subjects control. The difficulty not only lies with the mentally ill, but with their families and the helplessness that accompanies these individuals disease. The cost of revolving incarceration is a high factor with no positive result for the addicted user and for society. The reevaluation of schizophrenic and psychotic subjects from drug use as an area of criminal and social justice that continues to be ignored by no doubt the incredibly high cost of treating these individuals and the very low rate of compliance that data has so far shown for success is a primary cause of denial for proper treatment.

Institution

Institutions are establishments or organizations that contain individuals as a mechanism to maintain control and a secure environment. However, the institution can restrict to an extent of an individual's experience and liberty of the world, resulting in conflict against the institution. Though many individuals apply themselves towards the institution with the nature of compliance, other individuals may be restricted therefore behaving in a conflicting fashion towards the institution.This is demonstrated through Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by concentrating the audience’s attention to the social inequality in Maycomb representing the communities institution. Similarly within Suzanne Collin’s novel â€Å"The Hunger Games†, the institutional government is illustrated and is explored through the situations face by the individuals contained in it. Furthermore, institutional confinements elaborate the hierarchical structure enhancing or limi ting an individual within the system.As represented in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, a nature of compliance and defiance is evident within the town of Maycomb. Evaluating on this, the protagonist ‘Atticus’ depicts elements of defiance by resisting to the social means that are accustomed to in the community. Accounting for the institution’s behaviour of containment, people at the top of the institution have the ability of corruption. This is best demonstrated in the court scene where the racist views of the white residents of Maycomb are juxtaposed with Atticus Finch’s desire to represent a black client.The injustice that is present in Maycomb, is best addressed as Atticus challenges the jury to â€Å"do their duty, in the name of God†, as they decide whether Tom Robinson is guilty, despite the fact that there is no â€Å"probable cause† for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. This empathetic challenge by Atticus acts as the voice of reason against the racist, regressive elements of â€Å"southern† culture in the 1930’s. The institution, the town of Maycomb has been operating in a corrupt manner by segregated black and white communities within Maycomb.This segregation is again demonstrated in the court some exchanges, as the black citizen must stand in the stalls, whilst â€Å"white folk† cans sit on the same level as the judge and other court officials. In addition, Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"The Hunger Games† illustrates the nature of a governmental institution and how individuals are able to adapt or resist to the establishment. Within the novel, the protagonist Katniss Everdeen is elected to compete in the annual ‘Hunger Games’ a brutal competition containing individuals to signify the former defiance from the past districts.Through the protagonist’s portrayal of defiance, it is evident that one’s institutional thinking u ndergoes transformation, furthermore granting ability of opinion and greatly influencing an individual’s extent of restriction within the institution. This is supported through the statement of a participant of the games, â€Å"if I am going to die, I still want to be me†. Suzanne Collin uses this to express the emotions of a character experiencing the effects the institution, depicting the individuals as a tool or equipment used for manipulation and subsequently dehumanizing the individual.Conversely, within â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the corrupted institution relies more on the community to progressively change people’s perspective rather than utilising threats. This is shown through the underlying nature of the public on how to behave within the town of Maycomb. Throughout the scene of the confrontation of Atticus Finch outside the town’s jail, the community’s men arise to form a mob creating a single identity. However, when the protago nist Atticus directs him individually towards a man, the man is shown to be contextually righteous and was only conforming to the society’s standards.This proposes the argument whether an institution is built on corruption demonstrated in â€Å"The Hunger Games† or is built on manipulation demonstrated in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. Evaluating on the manner of both characteristics of each institution it is evident that they share common aspects. Throughout both texts it is apparent that institutional thinking and institutional behaviours derive from the different social rankings that individuals subconsciously acquire.

Vital Pieces of Research Writing Help

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What Is Arms Control

Arms control is when a country or countries restrict the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, distribution or usage of weapons. Arms control may refer to small arms, conventional weapons or weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and is usually associated with bilateral or multilateral treaties and agreements. Significance Arms control agreements such as the multilateral Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Strategic and Tactical Arms Reduction Treaty (START) between the US and the Russians are instruments that have contributed to keeping the world safe from nuclear war since the end of World War II. How Arms Control Works Governments agree to not produce or stop producing a type of weapon or reduce existing arsenals of weapons and sign a treaty, convention or other agreement. When the Soviet Union broke up, many of the former Soviet satellites like Kazakhstan and Belarus agreed to international conventions and gave up their weapons of mass destruction. In order to ensure compliance with the arms control agreement, there are normally on-site inspections, verifications by satellite, and/or overflights by airplanes. Inspection and verification may be performed by an independent multilateral body such as the International Atomic Energy Agency or by treaty parties. International organizations will often agree to assist countries with destroying and transporting WMDs. Responsibility In the United States, the State Department is responsible for negotiating treaties and agreements related to arms control. There used to be a semi-autonomous agency called the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) which was subordinate to the State Department. Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Ellen Tauscher is responsible for arms control policy and serves as Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament. Important Treaties in Recent History Antiballistic Missile Treaty: The ABM Treaty is a bilateral treaty signed by the US and the Soviet Union in 1972. The purpose of the treaty was to limit the use of anti-ballistic missiles to counter nuclear weapons in order to ensure nuclear deterrence. Basically, the idea was to limit defensive weapons so neither side would feel compelled to build more offensive weapons.Chemical Weapons Convention: The CWC is a multilateral agreement signed by 175 states as Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. Private sector producers of chemicals are subject to CWC compliance.Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: The CTBT is an international treaty banning the explosion of nuclear devices. President Clinton signed the CTBT in 1996 but the Senate failed to ratify the treaty. President Obama has pledged to gain ratification.Conventional Forces [in] Europe Treaty: In the early 1990s as relations between the fo rmer Soviet Union and NATO improved, the CFE treaty was implemented to reduce the overall level of conventional military forces in Europe. Europe was classified as the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains in Russia.Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: The NPT Treaty was established to halt nuclear proliferation. The basis of the treaty is that the five main nuclear powers—United States, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, France, and China—agree not to transfer nuclear devices to non-nuclear states. Non-nuclear states agree not to develop nuclear weapons programs. Israel, India and Pakistan are not signatories to the treaty. North Korea withdrew from the treaty. Iran is a signatory but is believed to be in violation of the NPT.Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: Beginning in 1969, there were two sets of bilateral talks between the US and the Soviets regarding nuclear weapons, SALT I and SALT II. These working agreements are historic as they reflect the first significant attem pt to slow the nuclear arms race.Strategic and Tactical Arms Reduction Treaty: The US and the Soviet Union signed this follow-on treaty to SALT II in 1991 after 10 years of negotiations. This treaty represents the largest arms reduction in history and is the basis of US-Russian arms control today.